Dans ce guide, nous expliquons les m\u00e9thodes d'accostage des navires les plus couramment utilis\u00e9es pour les plateformes offshore et les installations maritimes, leur fonctionnement et les syst\u00e8mes de d\u00e9fenses marines couramment utilis\u00e9s dans chaque application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n
Pourquoi l'accostage offshore est-il diff\u00e9rent de l'accostage portuaire ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Les ports traditionnels utilisent des quais fixes et des eaux calmes. Les plates-formes offshore op\u00e8rent en haute mer o\u00f9 les navires sont constamment affect\u00e9s par.. :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Mouvement des vagues<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Courants forts<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Charges de vent<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Changements de mar\u00e9e<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Mouvement et d\u00e9rive des navires<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Dans ces conditions, les syst\u00e8mes d'accostage en mer doivent absorber une \u00e9nergie d'accostage \u00e9lev\u00e9e tout en permettant aux navires de se d\u00e9placer en toute s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sans endommager les structures ou les navires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C'est pourquoi les op\u00e9rations offshore font souvent appel \u00e0 des syst\u00e8mes d'amarrage avanc\u00e9s et \u00e0 des d\u00e9fenses marines tr\u00e8s performantes, telles que les d\u00e9fenses pneumatiques en caoutchouc et les d\u00e9fenses remplies de mousse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nPrincipaux types de m\u00e9thodes d'accostage des navires offshore<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
1. Amarrage \u00e0 un seul point (SPM)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Qu'est-ce que l'amarrage \u00e0 point unique ?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
L'amarrage \u00e0 point unique (SPM) est un syst\u00e8me d'amarrage en mer qui permet \u00e0 un p\u00e9trolier de rester connect\u00e9 \u00e0 une bou\u00e9e flottante tout en tournant librement autour d'elle en fonction du vent, des vagues et de la direction du courant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Les syst\u00e8mes SPM sont largement utilis\u00e9s dans :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Terminaux p\u00e9troliers offshore<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Installations de chargement de p\u00e9trole brut<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Op\u00e9rations FPSO<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Syst\u00e8mes de transfert offshore de GNL<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Avantages des syst\u00e8mes SPM<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Permet un mouvement du navire \u00e0 360 degr\u00e9s<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- R\u00e9duit le stress li\u00e9 \u00e0 l'amarrage<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Adapt\u00e9 aux grands navires-citernes<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Fonctionne dans des eaux plus profondes que les jet\u00e9es traditionnelles<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Prise en charge des op\u00e9rations de chargement en mer en continu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Syst\u00e8mes Fender utilis\u00e9s avec SPM<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Les op\u00e9rations de SPM en mer utilisent couramment :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Garde-boue pneumatique<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Garde-boue rempli de mousse<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Les d\u00e9fenses pneumatiques sont particuli\u00e8rement populaires parce qu'elles peuvent absorber une grande \u00e9nergie d'accostage tout en s'adaptant au mouvement du navire induit par les vagues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n2. Positionnement dynamique (DP) accostage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Qu'est-ce que le positionnement dynamique ?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Le positionnement dynamique (DP) est un syst\u00e8me de contr\u00f4le des navires qui utilise des propulseurs, un GPS, des capteurs et des ordinateurs de bord pour maintenir la position du navire sans ancrage ou amarrage physique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Les syst\u00e8mes DP sont couramment utilis\u00e9s par :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Navires de ravitaillement offshore<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Navires de forage<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Navires de recherche<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Navires de construction sous-marine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n
\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Avantages de l'accostage DP<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Pas d'amarrage fixe n\u00e9cessaire<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Ajustement rapide du positionnement<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Adapt\u00e9 aux op\u00e9rations en eaux profondes<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- R\u00e9duit la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard des ancrages<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Limites des syst\u00e8mes DP<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Consommation \u00e9lev\u00e9e de carburant<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Syst\u00e8mes embarqu\u00e9s co\u00fbteux<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- N\u00e9cessite des op\u00e9rateurs form\u00e9s<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Moins efficace dans des conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques difficiles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Les syst\u00e8mes DP sont souvent combin\u00e9s avec des syst\u00e8mes de d\u00e9fenses de secours lors des op\u00e9rations de soutien en mer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n3. Accostage de navire \u00e0 navire (STS)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Qu'est-ce que le transfert de navire \u00e0 navire ?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
L'accostage de navire \u00e0 navire (STS) fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence aux op\u00e9rations de transfert de marchandises entre deux navires positionn\u00e9s l'un \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l'autre en mer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Les op\u00e9rations STS sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement utilis\u00e9es pour<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Transfert d'huile<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Transfert de GNL<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Avitaillement en carburant<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Manutention des cargaisons en mer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Pourquoi les op\u00e9rations STS ont-elles besoin d'ailes haute performance ?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Pendant le transfert STS, les navires se d\u00e9placent ind\u00e9pendamment les uns des autres en raison du mouvement des vagues. Sans une protection ad\u00e9quate des d\u00e9fenses, les dommages \u00e0 la coque peuvent survenir rapidement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Les d\u00e9fenses les plus couramment utilis\u00e9es dans les op\u00e9rations STS sont les suivantes :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Aile Yokohama<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Garde-boue rempli de mousse<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Les d\u00e9fenses pneumatiques sont pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9es parce qu'elles fournissent :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Absorption d'\u00e9nergie \u00e9lev\u00e9e<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Faible force de r\u00e9action<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Excellente performance de flottaison<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Durabilit\u00e9 dans les environnements offshore<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n4. Accostage c\u00f4te \u00e0 c\u00f4te<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Dans le cas d'un amarrage c\u00f4te \u00e0 c\u00f4te, deux navires ou un navire et une installation flottante restent directement parall\u00e8les pendant les op\u00e9rations en mer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cette m\u00e9thode est couramment utilis\u00e9e pour :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Chargement d'un p\u00e9trolier navette FPSO<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Navires de maintenance offshore<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Op\u00e9rations de transfert d'\u00e9quipage<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Unit\u00e9s de stockage flottantes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Principaux d\u00e9fis<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
L'accostage c\u00f4te \u00e0 c\u00f4te cr\u00e9e une pression de contact continue entre les structures. Le syst\u00e8me de d\u00e9fenses doit pouvoir supporter :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Compression r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Mouvement relatif des navires<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Longues p\u00e9riodes de fonctionnement<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Charges de contact \u00e9lev\u00e9es<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Les ailes remplies de mousse sont souvent choisies pour ces applications car elles conservent leurs performances m\u00eame si la peau ext\u00e9rieure est endommag\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n5. Embarcad\u00e8re de la jet\u00e9e et du terminal offshore<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Certaines installations offshore utilisent des jet\u00e9es fixes ou des terminaux maritimes situ\u00e9s pr\u00e8s du littoral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ces installations sont courantes dans les pays suivants<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Terminaux GNL<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Terminaux de marchandises en vrac<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Bases de soutien offshore<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Terminaux d'exportation de p\u00e9trole<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Syst\u00e8mes de d\u00e9fense courants pour les jet\u00e9es offshore<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
Les terminaux offshore fixes utilisent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Cone Fender<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Garde-boue de cellule<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Arch Fender<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Ces syst\u00e8mes de d\u00e9fenses offrent une capacit\u00e9 de charge \u00e9lev\u00e9e et une longue dur\u00e9e de vie pour les op\u00e9rations d'accostage r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nComparaison des m\u00e9thodes d'accostage en mer<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
M\u00e9thode d'accostage<\/th> Meilleure application<\/th> Principal avantage<\/th> Principale limitation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> Amarrage \u00e0 un seul point (SPM)<\/td> P\u00e9troliers<\/td> Rotation du r\u00e9cipient sur 360<\/td> Co\u00fbt d'installation \u00e9lev\u00e9<\/td><\/tr> Positionnement dynamique (DP)<\/td> Navires de soutien offshore<\/td> Pas d'amarrage physique n\u00e9cessaire<\/td> Consommation \u00e9lev\u00e9e de carburant<\/td><\/tr> Navire \u00e0 navire (STS)<\/td> Transfert de marchandises<\/td> Transfert offshore flexible<\/td> Sensible aux conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques<\/td><\/tr> Accostage c\u00f4te \u00e0 c\u00f4te<\/td> Op\u00e9rations FPSO<\/td> Transfert efficace<\/td> N\u00e9cessite une protection solide des ailes<\/td><\/tr> Jet\u00e9e d'accostage<\/td> Terminaux c\u00f4tiers<\/td> Efficacit\u00e9 de chargement \u00e9lev\u00e9e<\/td> Flexibilit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e en mati\u00e8re de localisation<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nFacteurs ayant une incidence sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l'accostage en mer<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Plusieurs facteurs techniques influencent les performances de l'accostage en mer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hauteur des vagues<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Des vagues plus fortes augmentent le mouvement des navires et l'\u00e9nergie d'impact de l'accostage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Taille du navire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Les grands p\u00e9troliers g\u00e9n\u00e8rent des forces d'accostage nettement plus importantes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Configuration de l'amarrage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Une mauvaise disposition des amarres peut cr\u00e9er des charges in\u00e9gales pour le navire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Absorption de l'\u00e9nergie des ailes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Les d\u00e9fenses marines doivent absorber l'\u00e9nergie cin\u00e9tique du navire sans d\u00e9faillance structurelle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
La vitesse du vent et la direction du courant oc\u00e9anique ont une incidence directe sur la stabilit\u00e9 du positionnement du navire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nPourquoi les d\u00e9fenses pneumatiques sont-elles largement utilis\u00e9es en mer ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Les d\u00e9fenses pneumatiques en caoutchouc sont largement utilis\u00e9es pour l'accostage en mer car elles sont performantes dans les environnements marins difficiles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Leurs avantages sont les suivants :<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Absorption d'\u00e9nergie \u00e9lev\u00e9e<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Faible pression dans la coque<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Capacit\u00e9 de flottaison<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Installation facile<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Excellentes performances dans les conditions de mar\u00e9e<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Convient aux op\u00e9rations STS et SPM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Par rapport aux d\u00e9fenses traditionnelles en caoutchouc plein, les d\u00e9fenses pneumatiques s'adaptent plus efficacement aux mouvements des navires offshore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nQuestions fr\u00e9quemment pos\u00e9es<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Quelle est la m\u00e9thode d'accostage en mer la plus s\u00fbre ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Il n'existe pas de m\u00e9thode unique plus s\u00fbre. Le meilleur syst\u00e8me d'accostage en mer d\u00e9pend de la taille du navire, de la profondeur de l'eau, du type de cargaison, des conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques et des exigences op\u00e9rationnelles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nQuelles sont les d\u00e9fenses utilis\u00e9es pour l'accostage en mer ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Les d\u00e9fenses offshore les plus courantes sont les suivantes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- D\u00e9fenses pneumatiques en caoutchouc<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- D\u00e9fenses remplies de mousse<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Garde-boue en forme de c\u00f4ne<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- D\u00e9fenses de cellules<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Les d\u00e9fenses pneumatiques sont particuli\u00e8rement courantes dans les op\u00e9rations STS et les op\u00e9rations de transport par camion-citerne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nPourquoi les d\u00e9fenses pneumatiques sont-elles utilis\u00e9es dans les transferts STS ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Les d\u00e9fenses pneumatiques absorbent l'\u00e9nergie d'impact \u00e9lev\u00e9e tout en maintenant une faible force de r\u00e9action, ce qui permet de prot\u00e9ger les coques des navires lors des mouvements de navire \u00e0 navire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nQuelle est la diff\u00e9rence entre les op\u00e9rations SPM et STS ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Le SPM utilise une bou\u00e9e fixe en mer pour l'amarrage, tandis que les op\u00e9rations STS impliquent que deux navires transf\u00e8rent des marchandises directement l'un \u00e0 l'autre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nConclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
L'accostage des navires offshore est beaucoup plus complexe que l'accostage portuaire standard. Les conditions de pleine mer exigent des syst\u00e8mes d'amarrage sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s, une technologie de positionnement avanc\u00e9e et une protection fiable par des d\u00e9fenses marines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Des syst\u00e8mes d'amarrage \u00e0 point unique (SPM) aux op\u00e9rations de transfert de navire \u00e0 navire (STS), chaque m\u00e9thode d'accostage en mer r\u00e9pond \u00e0 des besoins op\u00e9rationnels et \u00e0 des conditions environnementales diff\u00e9rents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Le choix du bon syst\u00e8me d'accostage - associ\u00e9 \u00e0 la bonne solution de d\u00e9fenses marines - permet d'am\u00e9liorer la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, de r\u00e9duire les dommages subis par les navires et de maintenir des op\u00e9rations offshore efficaces.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Offshore platforms cannot use normal port berthing methods. Open sea conditions such as waves, wind, tides, and currents make offshore vessel operations far more difficult and [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-68548","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"\n
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